Abstract This study evaluated the effects of cress (Lepidium sativum) seed gum (CG) and various starches on the viscosity, viscoelasticity, texture, syneresis, and sensory quality of non-fat yogurt after up to 7 days in cold storage. Yogurt was prepared with CG alone or in combination with one of four different starches: sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas; SPS), chickpea (Cicer arietinum; CPS), corn (Zea mays; CS), or Turkish bean (Phaseolus vulgaris; TBS). All the yogurt samples had pseudoplastic propertie (n < 1) irrespective of the storage time, while samples containing CG with SPS or CPS had the highest consistency coefficients (k) at 0 and 7 days, respectively. The sample containing CG with CPS also had the highest elastic modulus (G’), irrespective of the storage time, suggesting the formation of a solid-like gel. The addition of CG alone or in combination with any of the starches conferred significant firmness to the yogurt samples, while the addition of CG together with starch significantly reduced wheying-off and improved the sensory acceptability compared with the control.

Abstract Objective: To identify the prevalence of dental fluorosis in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: Literature search for the present study aimed to include all the relevant studies conducted in Saudi Arabia that reported prevalence of dental fluorosis. A literature search was done using keywords (dental, fluorosis, prevalence) using three databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science). Grey literature was also searched using Google Scholar and research gate. Literature was searched from 1939 till April 2020. The risk of bias was reported using JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data. Twelve studies were included based on inclusive criteria. The only inclusive criteria were studies that were conducted among people living in Saudi Arabia, and studies that reported the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Samples from all age groups that reported prevalence of dental fluorosis were included. MedCalc statistical software was used to perform the analysis. Results: The overall prevalence of dental fluorosis was found to be 46.52%, 95 CI (26.52% to 67.12%). I2 value was reported 99.8%, 95 CI (99.78% to 99.83%), indicating high heterogeneity amongst the finding of studies. Funnel plots indicate the presence of a strong publication bias. Overall, we found some contrasting findings. One study reported prevalence of dental fluorosis as 0% and other with a comparatively large sample size found dental fluorosis to be 90.6%. Conclusion: The present study adds to the literature regarding dental fluorosis in Saudi Arabia by providing an overview of its prevalence. It is concluded that prevalence of dental fluorosis was a bit high. However, findings indicate publication bias. We did not account for severity of dental fluorosis. All the available data was analyzed to measure dental fluorosis prevalence without considering the sample size and sampling technique.

Objectives: To investigate on knowledges, perceptions and practices of allergist from Ciudad de la Habana in relation con Giardia lamblia infection. Methods: With subject agreement of the allergists working in the hospital networks from Ciudad de La Habana during the research period (44 from 51) authors applied them a questionnaire on knowledges, perceptions and practices related with this parasitosis. Tool research had four phases: 1) interviews to physicians related to diagnosis, treatment and control of giardiasis; 2) preparation of a preliminary questionnaire on the base of results from these interviews; 3) submission of tool to experts criteria and 4) its validation by means of its application in a small group of physicians. Results: It was evidenced that en relation to giardiasis and particularly, regards the cutaneous manifestations with this condition; allergists demonstrated insufficient knowledges (from 19 questions evaluating the cognitive features, the mean of wrong responses among all participants was of 8,04), inappropriate perceptions and unsuitable practices. Conclusions: To overcome these difficulties, it is necessary an academic intervention emphasizing the formative features related to parasitic disease in general and to giardiasis in particular.

Objetivos: Indagar en los conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas de los alergólogos de Ciudad de La Habana en relación con la infección por Giardia lamblia. Métodos: Previo consentimiento informado, a los alergólogos que prestaban servicios en la red de hospitales de Ciudad de La Habana en el periodo que se realizó la investigación (44 de 51), se les aplicó un cuestionario sobre conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas en relación con esta parasitosis. La preparación del instrumento pasó por 4 fases: 1) entrevistas a médicos relacionados con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de la giardiasis; 2) preparación de un cuestionario preliminar en base a los resultados de esas entrevistas; 3) sometimiento del instrumento a criterio de expertos y 4) validación de este mediante su aplicación a un pequeño grupo de galenos. Resultados: Se evidenció que en relación con la giardiasis, y de manera particular, en cuanto a las manifestaciones cutáneas asociadas con esta, los alergólogos mostraban conocimientos insuficientes (de 19 interrogantes que evaluaban aspectos cognoscitivos, la media de respuestas correctas entre todos los participantes fue de 8,04), percepciones inadecuadas y prácticas incorrectas. Conclusiones: Con el objetivo de atenuar estas dificultades, se hace necesario una intervención de tipo académica, que haga énfasis en los aspectos formativos relacionados con las enfermedades parasitarias en general, y la giardiasis en particular.

Objectives: to characterizar on the knowledges, perceptions and practices of family physicians from Playa, La Lisa and Marianao municipalities related to Giardia lambia infection. Methods: a survey on knowledges, perceptions and practices of 285 family physicians from the above mentioned municipalities was applied on this parasitosis. From them, 205,1 and 79 were first degree specialists of second degree specialists and residents, respectively and accounted for the 76.8 % of those working in consulting rooms and polyclinics from these municipalities. Research was made between August, 2007 and March, 2008. Survey design had four stages: 1) interviews to physicians related to diagnosis, treatment and giardiasis control; 2) design of a questionnaire based on results from these interviews; 3) submitting the tool used by expert criteria and 4) its validation by means of its application to a small groups of physicians. Results: we found that in relation to giardiasis and in a particular way, to cutaneous manifestations associated to it, dermatologists of Ciudad de La Habana showed insufficient knowledges (from 19 question marks assessing cognitive features, mean of correct answers among participants was of 7.5), inappropriate perceptions and incorrect practices. Conclusions: to reduce the strength of these difficulties, it is necessary a academic intervention emphasizing in the formative features related to parasitic diseases, in general, and the giardiasis in particular.

Objetivos: caracterizar los conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas de Médicos de Familia de los municipios Playa, La Lisa y Marianao en relación con la infección por Giardia lamblia. Métodos: se aplicó una encuesta sobre conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas en relación con esta parasitosis a 285 médicos de los municipios citados. De ellos 205, 1 y 79 eran especialistas de primer grado, de segundo y residentes, respectivamente y representaban el 76,8 % de los que prestaban servicios en los consultorios y policlínicos de estos municipios. La investigación se realizó entre agosto de 2007 y marzo de 2008. La preparación de la encuesta pasó por cuatro fases: 1) entrevistas a médicos relacionados con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de la giardiasis; 2) preparación de un cuestionario preliminar en base a los resultados de esas entrevistas; 3) sometimiento del instrumento a criterio de expertos; y 4) validación del mismo mediante su aplicación a un pequeño grupo de galenos. Resultados: se encontró que en relación con la giardiasis y, de manera particular, con las manifestaciones cutáneas asociadas a esta, los dermatólogos de La Habana mostraban conocimientos insuficientes (de 19 interrogantes que evaluaban aspectos cognoscitivos, la media de respuestas correctas entre todos los participantes fue 7,5), percepciones inadecuadas y prácticas incorrectas. Conclusiones: para atenuar estas dificultades se hace necesario una intervención de tipo académica que haga énfasis en los aspectos formativos relacionados con las enfermedades parasitarias, en general, y la giardiasis, en particular.

OBJECTIVE: to make a clinical and parasitological characterization of a group of patients, who had been or would be treated in the healthcare facilities of the City of Havana, due to their cutaneous manifestations attributed to giardiasis. METHODS: after the consent of their primary care physicians, 114 subjects, who had been or would be treated because of their giardiasis-attributed skin lesions, were referred to "Pedro Kourí" Institute of Tropical Medicine. On their arrival, the research team physicians characterized each patient according to their clinical manifestations. They were asked to collect their feces for serial sampling, which were subjected to chropological tests through direct simple smears and Ritchie´s concentration procedures. In those cases where microscopic observation of samples did not allow confirming Giardia lamblia infection, biliary drainage was performed to look for giardias in the corresponding duodenal fluid. The patients whose feces or duodenal fluid showed G.lamblia were instructed to follow an anti-giardiasis treatment and the necessary hygienic-sanitary measures to prevent re-infection. Three months after concluding the parasiticidal treatment, the above-mentioned tests were repeated. RESULTS: it was proved that the cutaneous manifestations of giardiasis in the City of Havana are an overdimensioned health problem. It was also confirmed that urticaria is the most frequent giardiasis-associated dermatological manifestation. CONCLUSIONS: once the overdimension of giardiasis as a cause of skin lesions is proven, it is necessary to explore the knowledge, perceptions and practice of physicians in charge of diagnosis, treatment and control of this disease.

OBJETIVO: caracterizar desde el punto de vista clínico y parasitológico a un grupo de pacientes que en la red de salud de Ciudad de La Habana habían sido tratados, o serían tratados, por padecer de manifestaciones cutáneas atribuidas a giardiasis. MÉTODOS: previo acuerdo con los médicos de asistencia correspondientes, 114 individuos que habían sido tratados, o serían tratados, por padecer de lesiones dermatológicas atribuidas a giardiasis fueron remitidos al Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí" (IPK). A su arribo, a cada paciente se le realizó una caracterización de sus manifestaciones clínicas por parte de los médicos que formaban parte del equipo de investigadores. A cada individuo se le solicitó muestras seriadas de heces, a las que se le practicaron exámenes cropológicos mediante los procedimientos de frotis directo simple y de concentración de Ritchie. En aquellos casos en que la observación microscópica de las muestras de heces no permitió confirmar la infección por Giardia lamblia, se realizó drenaje biliar para la búsqueda microscópica de las giardias en el líquido duodenal correspondiente. A los pacientes en cuyas heces o líquido duodenal se detectó la presencia de G. lamblia, se les indicó tratamiento antigiardiásico y se orientaron las medidas higiénico-sanitarias necesarias para evitar la reinfección. Después de 3 meses de concluido el tratamiento antiparasitario, se repitieron los estudios antes descritos. RESULTADOS: se demostró que en Ciudad de La Habana las manifestaciones cutáneas de la giardiasis constituyen un problema de salud sobredimensionado. Se confirmó, además, que son las lesiones urticarianas las manifestaciones dermatológicas más frecuentes asociadas a giardiasis. CONCLUSIONES: demostrada la sobredimensión de la giardiasis como causa de lesiones dermatológicas, se hace necesario incursionar en la exploración de los conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas de los médicos relacionados con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de la giardiasis.